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Turning Federated Learning Systems into Covert Channels

Federated learning (FL) goes beyond traditional, centralized machine learning by distributing model training among a large collection of edge clients. These clients cooperatively train a global, e.g., cloud-hosted, model without disclosing their local, private training data. The global model is then shared among all the participants which use it for local predictions. This paper proves that FL systems can be turned into covert channels to implement a stealth communication infrastructure. The ...

Per una nuova ipotesi sulla disposizione degli Anaglypha dal Foro Romano

Since their discovery in 1872, the so-called Anaglypha from the Forum Romanum have puzzled scholars with their combination of depictions of historical events and architecture. Despite this, themes such as visualization modalities, the visual dialogue between the two reliefs, and the interplay between the Anaglypha and their original context, are still largely unexplored. In the framework of a broader project on the perception and representation of space in the Greek and Roman worlds, this pap...

Individual cheating in the lab: a new measure and external validity

This paper investigates to what extent laboratory measures of cheating generalise to the field. To this purpose, we develop a lab measure that allows for individual-level observations of cheating whilst reducing the likelihood that participants feel observed. Decisions made in this laboratory task are then compared to individual choices taken in the field, where subjects can lie by misreporting their experimental earnings. We use two field variations that differ in the degree of anonymity of ...

Benchmarking information aggregation in experimental markets

Theoretical and experimental literature have provided mixed insights on the ability of financial markets to perfectly aggregate private information into asset prices. We conduct an experiment designed to benchmark information aggregation in markets. In our lab experiment, we randomly assign subjects to different institutional environments, either a market or a Becker–DeGroot–Marschak mechanism. We find evidence that market interaction is worse for information aggregation. The difference betwe...

On the Arabic Titles of Aristotle’s Metaphysics. The Case of “Book of Letters”

The article has three interrelated aims. First, to document that the title “Book of Letters”, despite its fame, was far from being ‘traditional’ in Arabic philosophy, as it is often presented, but it rather served as a temporary designation of the Metaphysics in Arabic. Apart from later derivatives, this title is attested only four times, in different forms, in writings of the IV/X century, with no trace beforehand and a life-span of a few decades, from the time of the translation activity of...

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