Essays in International Trade: competition, uncertainty and digitalization in a globalized economy

Globalization has significantly impacted global economic growth by en- hancing the flows and integration of goods, human capital, and knowl- edge. This process has facilitated the exchange of know-how, promoted specialization, and led to more efficient resource allocation, thus acceler- ating global growth and helping to reduce inequalities between develop- ing and developed countries. Some of the main drivers through which globalization pushed economic growth include the reduction of tariff barriers through extensive free trade agreements, a new organization of production that has been increasingly fragmented across global supply chains and the rise of digital technologies. The reorganization of produc- tion along supply chains that span across countries promoted innovation and technological advancements by enabling technological spillovers. Many firms managed to become multinationals thanks to cross-border investments that played a crucial role in boosting productivity and sus- taining competition across markets. Moreover, digital technologies fur- ther supported the integration of the global economy by creating new job opportunities and innovative tools for conducting business. The digital revolution has also empowered developing countries, enabling them to better integrate into the global economy.